![]() ![]() TNBCs represent 24% of newly diagnosed breast cancers, and a steady increase has been reported in their incidence ( Tsai et al., 2016). Additionally, these cancers have characteristic metastatic patterns and poor prognosis ( Dent et al., 2007). The clinical behavior of TNBCs is relatively aggressive compared to that of other subtypes of breast cancer. Scientifically, this cancer is categorized as a distant subgroup within a broad category of breast cancers ( Foulkes et al., 2010). ![]() TNBCs constitute 12–17% of all breast cancers and are naturally recurrent. Further, TNBC can be categorized into six different subgroups based on their molecular heterogeneity: immunomodulatory, luminal androgen receptor expression, mesenchymal stem-like, mesenchymal-like, basal-like, and unstable ( Yam et al., 2017). There are four transcriptional subtypes of TNBCs: two basal subtypes, which are grouped as BL1 and BL2, a mesenchymal subtype M, and a luminal androgen receptor subtype ( Lehmann et al., 2016). According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) guidelines, TNBCs are typically characterized by cellular expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors of ≤1% and human growth factor receptor 2 expressions between 0 and 1+, as determined by immunohistochemistry ( Wolff et al., 2014). Triple-negative breast cancers or in short TNBCs are regarded as aggressive types of breast cancer and are the product of impaired expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors as well as human growth factor receptor 2 ( Bianchini et al., 2016). The disease is also very common in less developed countries ( Ghoncheh et al., 2016 Suleman et al., 2021). Breast cancer has been observed to cause more mortality in the United States and Europe after lung cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, breast cancer is placed second on the list of common diseases worldwide. The cancer of the ductile region is known as ductal carcinoma, while those involving mammary lobules are called lobular carcinomas ( Medina et al., 2020 Muneer et al., 2021). In most cases, emergence occurs from the milk duct, while other minor cases occur from lobules. The data presented in this paper may be helpful for researchers working in the field to obtain general and particular information to advance the understanding of TNBC and provide suitable disease management in the future.īreast cancer is a pathological condition that occurs in the breast tissue. The focus of this review is to provide up-to-date information related to TNBC epidemiology, risk factors, metastasis, different signaling pathways, and the pathways that can be blocked, immune suppressive cells of the TNBC microenvironment, current and investigation therapies, prognosis, and the role of artificial intelligence in TNBC diagnosis. The non-availability of specific treatment options for TNBC is usually managed by conventional therapy, which often leads to relapse. This cancer is responsible for more than 15–20% of all breast cancers and is of particular research interest as it is therapeutically challenging mainly because of its low response to therapeutics and highly invasive nature. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a kind of breast cancer that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia. ![]()
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